Understanding Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a common condition that occurs when the body does not use insulin effectively or does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune condition, type 2 diabetes is primarily influenced by lifestyle factors and genetics. It often develops gradually and is more common in adults, though it is increasingly being diagnosed in younger people.

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Several factors can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, including:

  • Being overweight or obese
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Age (risk increases over 40, or over 25 in people from certain ethnic backgrounds)
  • High blood pressure or high cholesterol
  • A history of gestational diabetes

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes symptoms often develop gradually and may go unnoticed for a long time. Common symptoms include:

  • Increased thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Blurred vision
  • Slow healing of cuts and wounds
  • Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice for early diagnosis and management.

Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed through:

  • Blood glucose tests: Checking fasting blood sugar levels
  • HbA1c test: Measuring average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months
  • Glucose tolerance test: Assessing how the body processes sugar

Early diagnosis and intervention can help prevent complications and improve long-term health outcomes.

Managing Type 2 Diabetes

While type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition, it can often be managed through lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication. Management strategies include:

  • Healthy eating: A balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats
  • Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week
  • Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight to improve insulin sensitivity
  • Medication: If lifestyle changes are not enough, medications such as metformin may be prescribed
  • Blood sugar monitoring: Keeping track of glucose levels to prevent complications

Getting support

Living with type 2 diabetes can be challenging, but support is available. Your healthcare team, including GPs, diabetes nurses, and dietitians, can provide guidance on managing the condition. There are also support groups and diabetes organisations that can help you connect with others and find resources to support your journey.